The plastic industry is resource-intensive and energy-intensive，and its carbon emissions run through the whole process from production to disposal. The “double carbon” target of China and the opened global plastic governance process put forward higher requirements for the low-carbon transformation of plastic，and it is urgent to coordinate the relationship between the growth of plastic demand and the reduction of plastic consumption and carbon emission. This paper systematically reviews the formation process of the global plastic agreement and the possible future plastic governance framework，provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges of plastic governance in China under the constraints of the global plastic agreement，and proposes targeted coping strategies. In the future，China should actively participate in international negotiations on plastic governance，adhere to the principles of fairness，“respective capabilities” and “reference to national conditions”，and promote the establishment of a fair and effective plastic governance system. At the same time，China should accelerate the development of a sustainable management plan for plastic，implement an extended producer responsibility system，and promote the establishment of a plastic recycling economy.