After more than 100 years of development，the Iranian railway has occupied an important position in the comprehensive transportation system. In order to build a modern railway transportation system，serving the needs of domestic economic and social development，and give full play to the regional advantages of international transportation hubs，Iran has formulated a 10-year railway development plan. By the end of 2025，the existing railway lines of the Iranian railway network are all electrified，and the double line rate is increased to 100%，eventually achieve the goal of doubling the railway mileage. The Iranian railway upgrading plan has provided favorable opportunities and opportunities for Chinese construction enterprises to enter the Iranian civil engineering market. In the process of expanding the Iranian market，Chinese companies are also facing the challenges of the “Iranian Nuclear Agreement” uncertainty，the poor business environment in Iran，the “competition” of big powers in Iranian railway construction，and the preference of technical standards. Therefore，China not only needs to capture opportunities sharply，but also needs to carefully assess the existing risks，combine the international political and economic situation，and comprehensively weigh the costs and benefits to make rational decisions.