The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement（TPP）has direct and indirect impact on Japanese agriculture. As for the direct influence，it means that Japanese agriculture can no longer rely on governmental subsidies and trade protection. As for the indirect effect，TPP provides an opportunity for the Abe administration to promote the structural reform in agriculture. Although TPP has been aborted，Japan’s agriculture is still faced with severe structural dilemma. Japan will be at the weak position in the FTA negotiations with EU and U.S. if the original mode of production does not change. The ongoing structural reform in agriculture under the Abe administration is designed to respond to the impact of multilateral free trade agreements on Japanese agriculture，and it also aims at building an “offensive” agriculture that makes Japanese agricultural products more competitive in the international market，which requires the promotion of scale economy and industrialization of agriculture. Besides，the Japan Agricultural Cooperatives（JA），which provides the political guarantee for the traditional agricultural production，also becomes an integral part of the reform.