气候变化对国家和城市的水环境产生深远影响，而现有的水管理实践很可能不足以减少气候变化对供水可靠性和水生态系统的负面影响。因而必须改善水治理实践，增强地区对气候变化的适应能力。从2000年以来，通过五轮环保行动计划的滚动实施，上海城市水治理取得了水相关基础设施建设的巨大进展，也在水相关管理制度上不断探索和创新。上海集中开展了河道整治工作，从苏州河环境整治——市区骨干河道整治——郊区骨干河道整治——万河整治，近20年的集中式河道整治消除了部分河道黑臭现象，但主要河道水环境质量仍不理想。随着水相关基础设施建设的逐渐完善，未来工程建设的空间相对有限，水治理越来越依赖于政策体系的完善；现有集中整治的水治理模式应转向常态化的长效治理模式；治水思路从现有的减少人类活动对水体影响为主转向恢复水体自身修复能力为主；而在政策手段上从命令控制为主转向市场调节为主。为了顺利实现上海水治理的转型，建议上海应按照水环境的自然属性，制定长期的、分阶段实施的河道水质改善目标；加强全市水体基础环境能力及污染源排放影响的研究；有针对性地削减水污染物排放；将污染源削减与河流自然恢复相结合；并将河道水质改善目标纳入河道治理财政资金考核机制。
Climate change has significant influence on water environment of a country and a city. Nevertheless，the existing water management practices are not likely to decrease negative impact of climate change on the reliability of water supply and aquatic ecosystem. As a result，it is obliged to improve water governance practices and enhance region adaptability to climate change. Since 2000，owing to rolling implementation of six rounds of environmental action plan，urban water management of Shanghai has made huge progress in the construction of water infrastructure. In the meantime，it has made constant exploration and innovation on water related management system. Shanghai concentrates on the river regulation work. From environmental renovation of Suzhou River，regulation of backbone rivers in urban areas，regulation of suburban backbone river，to regulation of tens of thousands of rivers. Centralized river regulation of nearly twenty years has eliminated the phenomenon of some black smelly river course，but the main channel of water environmental quality is still not ideal. With the gradual improvement of water related infrastructure construction，future engineering construction space is relatively limited，water governance is more and more dependent on the improvement of the policy system. The mode of existing centralized regulation of water governance should turn to normalized and long-term governance model. Rather than reduce impact of human activities on water，water management concept should turn to restore repair capacity of water itself. Policy and means should give priority to market regulation instead of command control. In order to achieving the transformation of Shanghai water governance，it is advised to formulate long-term and phased improvement goals of river water quality according to natural quality of water environment. It is suggested to strengthen the study of Shanghai water base environment ability and pollution source emission effect. Shanghai should combine reduction of pollutant source with river restoration. Meanwhile，Shanghai should bring river water quality improvement goals into channel management financial fund appraisal mechanism.
