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程序改革中的效率和正义:口头听证的起伏

文章摘要

本文的目的是检验关于公正审判和司法效率的(潜在的)冲突性主张。当前关于程序法改革和发展的讨论是由两个互相冲突的话语主导的,一方面是追求人权,特别是公正审判的权利,另一个方面是资源不足的制约。冲突的趋势在欧洲理事会的一些活动中已初现端倪,强调成员国司法系统的发展。本文的第二部分将芬兰作为一个案例来研究程序改革。在实施现代程序法基本原则的宏伟目标下,芬兰的程序法于20世纪90年代进行了现代化改革。这些改革把主要听证会中的口头化、迅即性和集中性原则运用到民事和刑事诉讼中。这项改革在初审法院相当成功,但在上诉法院的实施中遇到了困难。世纪之交之后,这种改革浪潮发生了变化。举行一个主要口头听证会的原则在衰落并且多项改革措施也已减少实施。提高法院诉讼程序的效率和降低司法成本的需要驱动着当前的改革建议。本文的目的是激发关于在法庭改革中对公正审判和提高效率的讨论。

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine the (potentially) conflicting claims of fair trial and efficiency of justice. The contemporary discussions on the reform and the development of procedural laws are dominated by two conflicting discourses,the pursuit for human rights,especially the right to a fair trial,and the constraints of insufficient resources. The conflicting trends are first explored in the activities of the Council of Europe,placing emphasis on the development of the justice systems of the member states. The second part of the paper uses Finland as a case study on procedural reform. In Finland the procedural laws were modernized in the 1990s with the ambitious aim to implement the principles of modern procedural law. These reforms implemented the principles of orality,immediacy and concentration of the main hearing into the civil and criminal proceedings. The reform was quite successful in the first instance courts but met with difficulties in the appeal courts. After the turn of the century the tide has changed. The principle of an oral main hearing is in decline and several reforms have reduced its application. The present reform proposals are driven by the need to increase efficiency of court proceedings and to press down the costs of justice. The purpose of the article is to stimulate discussion on fair trial and efficiency in court reform. Can the claims to due process and efficiency be adjusted?

作者简介
约翰娜·涅米: