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朝鲜燕行使者所见十八世纪之盛清社会——以李德懋的《入燕记》为例(下)

文章摘要

由于朝贡关系,自明代以来,朝鲜入华使者纷纷将自己的沿途见闻诉诸笔端,留下了许多《朝天录》或《燕行录》。其中所提供的大量生动、有趣的珍稀史料,未见于同时代的中国史籍。本文利用燕行使者李德懋的《入燕记》上、下两篇,结合哈佛燕京图书馆收藏的其他朝鲜汉籍,对朝鲜燕行使者所见18世纪之盛清社会,作一初步的探讨。李德懋于朝鲜正祖二年(清乾隆四十三年,1778)入燕,本文具体探讨了李德懋在中国的交游人脉,盛清时代的政治状况,燕行沿途景观,书籍流通与中韩文化交流等。从中可见,域外汉籍可以为中国史研究提供诸多佐证,有助于从一些独特的角度加深对中国社会的理解。因此,朝鲜汉籍不仅是研究中韩文化交流的重要史料,而且对于中国史的研究亦颇有助益。研究清代中国的社会文化史,应置于整个东亚的文化背景中加以考察。

Abstract

Since early Ming Dynasty,many Korean envoys were sent to China due to the operation of tributary system,who put down what they saw and heard during their travels and created rich literature narrating such messages.Usually entitled as“Minutes of Paying Tribute to Celestial Capital”or“Travel to Peking”,such literatures offer countless interesting historic messages with precious precision and vividness,which are not available otherwise and cannot be found in contemporary Chinese historic records.This article attempts to make a rudimentary discussion on Chinese society in the heyday period of Tsing Dynasty in 18th century,through a full utilization of the two pieces of Minutes of Travel to Peking written by Li Demao,a Korean envoy on a mission to China,with much reference from other Korean historic books or classics written in Chinese.In 2nd year of Zhengzu Period of Korea(43 rd year of Qianlong Period of Tsing Dynasty),Li Demao entered Peking as a special envoy.So this article probes the details of Li Demao’s personal contacts with his friends,the political conditions of heyday period of Tsing Dynasty,landscapes and sights on his way to Peking,exchanges of cultural activities and books between China and Korea,and so on.It is revealed from such analysis that overseas literatures in Chinese language can be taken as references and evidences for studies of Chinese history,and helps to deepen understanding on Chinese society in certain historic periods from some unique and fresh perspectives.Therefore Korean literature in Chinese language should be cherished as important historic raw materials not only beneficial to profound studies on China-Korea cultural exchange,but also precious for the studies on Chinese history.Moreover,studies of social-cultural history of China in Tsing Dynasty should be integrated into a macro-survey of the whole cultural background of East Asia.

作者简介
王振忠:复旦大学历史地理研究中心、博士生导师。