Nigeria is the largest economy and the most populous country in Africa，and also an important economic and trade partner of China in Africa. Based on the introduction of Nigeria’s basic national conditions and economic development overview，this paper reviews the history and current situation of the development of economic and trade cooperation between China and Nigeria，analyzes the development risks faced by China-Nigeria economic and trade cooperation，and puts forward relevant countermeasures and recommendations. In 2023，Nigeria is China’s third largest trading partner，fourth largest investment destination and largest contracting market in Africa. While China-Nigeria economic and trade cooperation maintains sound development momentum，however，the risks faced in bilateral economic and trade cooperation in various aspects should not be ignored，including policy，security，economic and social risks. In order to further enhance China-Nigeria economic and trade cooperation，this paper recommends to strengthen the institutional construction of bilateral economic and trade cooperation，actively promote the cooperation in key areas，strengthen the construction of the protection mechanism of interests in Nigeria，and at the same time，expand the bilateral people-to-people exchanges and cooperation and enhance Chinese enterprises’ awareness of social responsibility.