人工智能技术的发展和广泛应用对就业市场造成了巨大冲击,本文从就业数量、就业质量、就业结构、就业形态等方面剖析人工智能就业效应及其实现路径,以便应对新技术带来的就业冲击,帮助改善我国就业市场现状,促进实现高质量就业。就业效应通常涵盖劳动替代效应以及岗位创造效应和补偿效应,人工智能作为一种新型技术,既符合技术进步影响就业的一般规律,也有其特殊表现。替代效应方面除了对体力劳动的替代,人工智能将更进一步地替代脑力劳动,对更多岗位造成冲击,一方面,人工智能的技术特性表现出对中等技能劳动者的大规模替代,创造了更多高技能岗位和低技能岗位,强化就业结构极化现象,进而引致劳动者收入分化;另一方面,人工智能的技术偏向型特征表现出对资本和劳动不同程度的增强,进而影响生产过程中的收入分配。此外,新的就业组织形态也伴随着新技术的应用而产生,为就业市场提供了新的生机。最后,由于我国区域、产业发展不均衡,人工智能的就业效应还存在区域、产业、行业层面的异质性影响。相关部门应削弱就业替代效应,放大创造效应和补偿效应,积极应对就业冲击,防范就业社会风险。
The development and widespread application of artificial intelligence technology have had a huge impact on the job market. This article analyzes the employment effects and implementation paths of artificial intelligence from several aspects of employment quantity,quality,structure,and form,etc,in order to face the employment impact brought by new technologies,help improve the current situation of China’s job market,and promote the realization of high-quality employment. The employment effect usually includes labor substitution effect,job creation effect,and compensation effect. As a new type of technological progress,artificial intelligence not only conforms to the general law of technological progress,but also has its different features:in terms of substitution effect,in addition to replacing physical labor,artificial intelligence will further replace mental labor and impact more positions. On the one hand,the technological features of artificial intelligence show a large-scale substitution of medium-skilled labor,creating more high-skilled and low-skilled positions,strengthening the polarization of employment structure,and leading to income differentiation of workers;On the other hand,the technology biased characteristics of artificial intelligence exhibit varying degrees of enhancement of capital and labor,thereby affecting income distribution in the production process. Besides,new forms of employment organization have emerged with the application of AI technologies,providing new opportunity for the job market. Finally,due to the uneven development of regions and industries in China,the employment effects of artificial intelligence still have heterogeneous impacts at the regional,industry,and sector levels. weaken the employment substitution effect,amplify the creation effect and compensation effect,actively respond to employment shocks,and prevent employment social risks.