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政治形势:从新移民法通过看法国政府“向右转”

文章摘要

2023年初,法国政府推出新移民法案,旨在促进外籍人士工作签证发放和移民融入法国社会,也包含了加强非法移民管控、驱逐犯罪外国人、接纳难民的条款。该法案被视为“左右兼顾”,试图同时回应各方诉求。移民问题本身具有敏感性,执政党复兴党在两院都不掌握绝对多数席位的情况下,寄希望于在议会中与右翼共和党达成临时联合,为此不惜接受一些“向右转”的立法建议。然而,共和党的意图则是炒作移民议题以抬高自身政治声望。复兴党和共和党的议会合作注定命运多舛。执政党与在野党在议会上下两院展开了数轮博弈。最终,在国民联盟议员的支持下,新移民法案得以通过。总统马克龙将经两院通过的新移民法案送交宪法委员会审查。宪法委员会废除了其中1/3的条款,最终法案得以颁布生效。虽然宪法委员会间接帮助执政党回击了右翼的胁迫,阻挡了极右翼向立法的渗透,但在国民议会乃至整个法国政治生活中,国民联盟的重要性已经凸显,这也引起了外界的普遍担忧。

Abstract

At the beginning of 2023,the French government presented to the Council of Ministers a bill aimed at controlling immigration and improving the integration of immigrants in France. This bill is seen as a “balance between the left and the right” and is intended to respond to the demands of all political parties. Because of the sensitiveness of immigration issue and the absence of absolute majority in both chambers of French Parliament,the French ruling Party is looking for a temporary coalition with right-wing Party of Republicans. To this end,the French government even accept to “turn right” on immigration measures. However,the Party of Republicans intends to raise its political prestige by hyping up the immigration issue. Their parliamentary cooperation is doomed to a bad fate. After several rounds of debates and votes in the upper and lower houses of parliament,the New Immigration Bill was eventually passed by the National Assembly with the support of members of the National Rally. President Emmanuel Macron sent the bill to the Constitutional Council for review. The Constitutional Council repealed one third of the provisions of the bill,which were highly supported by both right-wing and far-right Parties. The final bill came into force. Although the Constitutional Council blocked the further infiltration of far-right ideas into French law,it also indirectly helped the ruling Party fight back against the coercion of the right wing and the penetration into the legislation of the far-right forces. In the National Assembly and even in the French political life as a whole,the importance of the National Rally has been increased,which has caused growing concern about the future of France.

作者简介
杨燕萍:杨燕萍,中国人民大学中法学院讲师。
王鲲:王鲲,北京外国语大学法语语言文化学院讲师。