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本港船·本港行·南海“互市”

文章摘要

清代中国与东南亚的进出口贸易,可分为来船和去船。来船由传统南海贸易国家如暹罗、安南、苏禄等所发,贸易形式分为朝贡贸易和通商贸易,也有西方国家在南海的殖民地如巴达维亚、马尼拉等所发。去船指中国帆船,其航迹遍及南海各国、各地区。对于来自巴达维亚等西方殖民地的商船,粤海关视为夷船,纳入“夷务”体制进行管理,其进出口贸易由外洋行担保。南海传统贸易国家来船及中国帆船的进出口业务,在海关成立之初,亦由外洋行经营。乾隆初年,设立海南行管理国内沿海贸易。乾隆二十五年(1760),从外洋行分立本港行,经营南海国家来航贸易事务,海南行改称福潮行,仍管国内沿海贸易。本文对本港行的来龙去脉及其承办事务略加论述。

Abstract

In 1686,Yanghuo Hong(洋货行) and Jinsi Hong(金丝行) were established,which separated the domestic business tax and maritime trade tax. However,at that time there was no distinction between domestic trade and foreign trade. In the early years of Qianlong era,Hainan Hong(海南行) was set up to undertake specially domestic coastal trade affairs. In 1760,the management system has been formed for Waiyang Hong(外洋行) specializing in the import and export trade of western ships,Bengang Hong(本港行) specializing in the import and export trade of traditional trading countries around the South China Sea and the Chinese sailing ships to Southeast Asian countries,and Fuchao Hong(福潮行) specializing in domestic coastal trade (renamed from Hainan Hong). In 1800,when Bengang Hong(本港行) was abolished,the affairs originally undertaken by it were transferred to Waiyang Hong(外洋行),and Fuchao Hong remained unchanged. Therefore,it can be said that since the early year of Qianlong era,Canton Custom began to distinguish between domestic trade and foreign trade. However,custom was still only a part of Queguan(榷关) which was divided into Native Customs(常关) and Froeign Customs (洋关) until the establishment of the Commissioner system in the Second Opium War. The Native Customs imposed duties according to the original tariff,while Froeign Customs did it according to the new treaty tariff.

作者简介
徐素琴:徐素琴,广东省社会科学院历史与孙中山研究所(广东海洋史研究中心)研究员。