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宋代素馨、茉莉名实辨——社会知识史的视角

文章摘要

素馨与茉莉这两种外来花卉在唐代之前就已经被引入中国。在宋代,精英阶层的花卉鉴赏品味从重花色逐步转为重花香,素馨与茉莉由是广受欢迎。这两种花卉是“近亲”,花色、花香与花型近似,宋人实难从文字上对之加以形容分辨。如果仅考察花名从拗口的音译到符合汉语表达习惯的通用名的变化,难以呈现外来花卉融入宋代社会的复杂进程。素馨是表意的花名,而茉莉是花卉梵文名称的音译。不同的翻译策略反映了外来植物融入本土文化的路径差异。素馨被认为与岭南特别是与广州有着密切的关系。与素馨“狭隘”的地域联系不同,茉莉的本土化路径中有着更为广泛的空间及象征关联。对宋代有关素馨与茉莉命名法的对比研究,可呈现出不同的文化交融路径。本文通过分析外来植物命名的策略,指出素馨与茉莉在宋代本土化进程的差异,很大程度上是由闽粤两地进入“大传统”的步调不一致所造成的。茉莉成为“闽花”,其外来属性让位于地方性,这为其将来被赋予“中国性”奠定了基础。

Abstract

Both Suxin and Moli are foreign flowers introduced into China before the Tang dynasty. Renowned for their pleasant scents,these flowers gained high popularity in the Song dynasty,resonated with the flourishing of the gentry taste of daily life. With the similarities of the appearance of the plants as well as the color and size of the flowers,it was difficult for most of the people in the Song dynasty to discern the differences between them. As the first step of incorporating the flowers from abroad into the society of China,translation of the names of the flower was not so simple as the literary process seemed to be. Suxin is a Sinicized name,while Moli is a direct translation of the Sanskrit name of the flower. Different strategies of translation reflect the divergence of routes in cultural adaptations of foreign plants. Suxin was mainly considered as a flower with strong connections with the city of Guangzhou. Contrasted with the limited regional influence of Suxin,Moli succeeded in building up its spatial and symbolic superiority over its counterpart. A comparative study between the process of social knowledge construction on these two flowers in the Song dynasty will prove that different strategies of foreign plants nomenclature suggest various solutions of cultural adaptations. Based on the analyzing of the policies of foreign plants nomenclature,this paper argues that the unparallel process of localization which Suxin and Moli experienced in the Song period was determined by the uneven incorporation of Fujian and Guangdong into the “great tradition”. While Moli gained its fame as the Flower of Min region (minhua),its foreign origin gave way to its regionality,which in the future would secure its national characteristic.

作者简介
周湘:周湘,中山大学历史学系(广州)副教授。