Since the initiation of the process for Iran to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization（SCO）in 2021，the SCO has entered a new round of expansion，which accelerated in 2022 and drew widespread international attention. This new wave of expansion has a profound and complex background，closely related to the rapid evolution of the world’s major transformations，dramatic changes in the Eurasian region，and the SCO’s increased involvement in global governance. It is an inevitable result of regional and international situational changes. The new round of expansion，while enhancing the international influence of the SCO and the spread of the ‘Shanghai Spirit，’ also presents new challenges for the organization，highlighting the tests posed by Western，Islamic，and Middle Eastern factors，and further complicating regional connectivity and internal reforms within the SCO. In the future，the SCO should consistently adhere to the principles of non-alignment，non-confrontation，and not targeting a third party，handle and deal with various complex factors appropriately，actively seek benefits and avoid harm，promote international fairness and justice，and mutual learning between civilizations，strive to form a joint effort in connectivity construction，and effectively enhance cooperation efficiency.