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宋元海洋知识中的“海”与“洋”

文章摘要

唐代仍严厉禁止本国民众经商等出境活动,所谓比较开明的对外政策只是向外国人开放,没有迈出允许本国民众外出的关键一步,与此不同,宋元不仅鼓励外国人来华,也允许和鼓励本国民众出海,海洋实践空前发展,海洋知识空前增长,对海洋地理的认知从模糊的想象世界变为真切具体的现实空间,在知识和观念上都进入一个新的时代,为明清海洋知识发展,乃至应对全球化带来的知识和观念冲击、交融奠定了重要基础。相关的研究讨论了宋元海洋知识、中国古代海域命名、明清南海东西洋、七洲洋等问题,在海洋知识和观念发展史上宋元是重大变化和承上启下的时期,需要从整体视野更好地认识和总结,本文拟从这一角度对宋元时期海洋地理空间认知作一讨论。

Abstract

With the unprecedented development of navigation practice,the knowledge framework that “Tianxia” consists of “Jiuzhou”-“Sihai” was gradually broken and forgotten by navigation practice in Song and Yuan Dynasties. The marine geospatial cognition changed from abstract “Hai” to concrete “Yang”. “Hai” was divided and named different “Yang” in various ways. Division and naming of these “Yang” were still regional knowledge. However,knowledge of “Yang” generated in navigation practice,which laid a logical foundation for different dynasties and countries to form common marine knowledge and concept. In the process of China accepting and integrating into common marine knowledge and concept of the world,the unprecedented development of ocean practice in the Song and Yuan Dynasties opened a turning stage.

作者简介
黄纯艳:黄纯艳,华东师范大学历史系教授。