There were relatively independent and systematic literature records on children’s diseases in the ancient Mesopotamia，which were roughly divided into two categories：diagnosis and treatments literature，forming a fixed writing mode and recording system of three stages. From the literature，pediatric medicine has formed a relatively independent branch，but it is not completely separated from adults. The main symptoms of children are nocturnal crying，convulsions and gastrointestinal discomfort，and the etiology and diagnosis and treatment are usually associated with specific gods. The main symptoms of children are nocturnal crying，convulsions and gastrointestinal discomfort，and the etiology and diagnosis and treatment are usually associated with specific gods. The diagnosis mode is mainly inspection，supplemented by inquiry，auscultation and pressing. The ancient Mesopotamian physicians carried out symptomatic treatment for children’s diseases，with relatively systematic treatment methods，mainly focusing on inaction，family observation and treatment，as well as joint diagnosis and treatment by physicians and exorcists. The diagnosis and treatments of children’s diseases is similar to that of adults. However，people at that time had realized the difference between children and adults in the process of physiology and maintenance，and initially established the medical theory of pediatrics，which reflected the living conditions of children in the ancient Mesopotamia to a certain extent.