Since independence，Mali has experienced multiple military coups，and the two coups that occurred in 2020 and 2021 have drawn international attention. Internally，complex ethnic conflicts，excessive political involvement of the military，and poor governance have led to political crisis and instability. Externally，France’s military intervention in Mali has caused civilian casualties and human rights violations，while weakening the authority of the Malian government and preventing it from achieving effective governance. After France withdrew its troops，the security vacuum it left behind could lead to a resurgence of terrorist activities. Regionally，the Economic Community of West African States has used economic sanctions and political consultations to promote the restoration of a civilian government in Mali，but this approach has also brought many problems. The political crises in neighboring countries such as Burkina Faso and Guinea are also interconnected with that of Mali. To address the challenges facing political and security governance in Mali，comprehensive and cross-border approaches are needed.