The epidemic of illicit fentanyl-related substances is causing or has historically contributed to a substantial increase in drug overdose deaths in the United States，Canada，and Estonia. In Estonia，the fentanyl crisis has been successfully contained in Estonia through a crackdown on supply and the spread of harm reduction measures. However，new crises and challenges have emerged. Our research attempt to explore what useful lessons the Estonian experience can teach drug policy makers by delving into Estonia’s history of drug control over the past two decades.