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论大数据时代人脸信息的保护路径——以权利配置为视角

文章摘要

在大数据时代,随着人脸信息应用的普遍化,为其建构保护路径的呼声持续高涨,明晰相关主体权利及其界限不失为可行之法。信息主体对于人脸信息享有个人信息权,当其同意数据业者搜集人脸信息后,个人信息权相应弱化,形成信息保护权,旨在保护个人人格尊严。信息主体与数据业者通过人脸信息服务条款联结,数据业者对其基于该条款合法搜集、加工、整合的“人脸数据池”享有数据权,该权利受到个人信息权的制约,系特殊财产权。这一权利理论奠定了“知情同意”原则的体系地位,但该原则有待深化:类推适用“格式条款”的规制方式保障信息主体在条款订立时的知情权;以“场景类型化”评估风险,修正条款生效后的同意范围。基于权利的交错关系,人格权、财产权所衍生出来的防御性权利为人脸信息提供防范路径,违约损害赔偿以及侵权损害赔偿为已经受有损失的人脸信息主体提供事后救济。

Abstract

In the era of big data,with the popularization of the application of face information,the voice of building a protection path for it continues to grow,and it is a feasible method to clarify the rights of relevant subjects and their boundaries. The information subject has the right to personal information with respect to face information. When he agrees with the data provider to collect face information,the right to personal information is weakened accordingly,and the right to information protection is formed,which aims to protect the personal dignity of the individual. The information subject and the data provider are linked through the face information service terms,and the data provider has the data right to the “face data pool” that is legally collected,processed,and integrated based on the terms. This right is restricted by the right of personal information and is a special property right. This theory of rights has established the system status of the principle of “informed consent”,but this principle needs to be deepened:by analogy,the regulatory method of “standard clauses” is applied to ensure the information subject’s right to know when the clauses are concluded;risks are assessed by “scenario type”,Scope of Consent after Amendment becomes effective. Based on the staggered relationship of rights,the defensive rights derived from personality rights and property rights provide a preventive path for face information,and compensation for breach of contract and infringement damages provide ex post relief for face information subjects who have suffered losses.

作者简介
郑飞:郑飞,北京交通大学法学院副教授。
郑日:郑日,北京交通大学法学院本科生。