As a large agricultural province，Anhui is currently in a critical period of comprehensively realizing agricultural modernization，facing not only issues with agricultural structural adjustment and development，but also with resource shortages and scarcities，lack of labor，increased environmental pollution，and difficulty in increasing farmers’ income.. Exploring a model suitable for the development of agricultural modernization in the province has great strategic value and guiding significance for solving the problems of agricultural industry development，promoting industrial transformation and upgrading，and realizing the agricultural modernization development goal under the strategy of building an agro-ecologically strong province. By combing and analyzing relevant theories of agricultural modernization，this article clarifies the connotation and internal logic of agricultural modernization and an agro-ecologically strong province. Through the establishment of 1 first-level indicator，namely，agricultural modernization development；4 second-level indicators，namely，agricultural input，agricultural output，rural social and economic development，and agro-ecological level；12 third-level indicators for an agricultural modernization evaluation system. With the help of factor analysis and SPSS software，the agricultural modernization level of 16 prefecture-level cities in Anhui Province was measured. The results were used to further analyze the main factors affecting the agricultural development of cities in Anhui and regional differences in agricultural development. Finally，the research clarifies development paths for agricultural modernization under the strategy of building an ago-ecologically strong province.