After the World WarⅡ，Japan constructed an institutional framework of rural policy-backed financial system including policy finance，cooperative finance and non-governmental commercial finance，which provided strong support for the path of rural revitalization in Japan. With the aggravation of aging population in rural Japan in recent years，the sustainability of the long-standing traditional family business model has been seriously challenged. At present，Japan’s rural policy-backed financial measures focus on the two core goals of expanding agricultural production scale and promoting enterprise operation. This report researches the evolution and current institutional framework of rural policy-backed financial system in Japan，and objectively evaluates the implementation effect based on the current situation and development trend of agricultural institutional funds.