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2020年意大利的非常规移民管控分析

文章摘要

2020年,新冠肆虐,欧盟各国纷纷严控人员流动,非法入境欧盟的人数较上年减少了13%。然而,通过中地中海线抵达意大利的非常规移民数却增至上年的3倍。本报告旨在对“新冠之年”的意大利非常规移民管控进行分析。研究发现,登陆移民数量的陡增给意大利造成了在安置、安全和环保等方面的严重问题。报告指出,两个主要登船国复杂的政局变化,即突尼斯的经济形势恶化,失业率攀高;利比亚的政局动荡,战火不熄,缺乏统一领导,才是非常规移民“小规模激增”的主要原因。调查显示,孔特2.0政府采取的几条主要措施取得了各不相同的结果。《“不安全港口”法令》误导了北非盟国,削弱了政治互信。得益于意大利同登船国的互利合作,移民管控工作得到了显著加强。船上隔离在移民安置方面成效明显,但也引发了医疗、人权、财政等方面的系列问题。尽管挑战重重,中地中海线非常规移民依然可控。2021年,德拉吉领导的新内阁也将对移民实施持续、有效的管控。

Abstract

In 2020,the EU saw a drop by 13% of the number of illegal entries along its external borders,due to the impact of COVID-19 restrictions put in place by the member states. Nevertheless,irregular arrivals to Italy through the Central Mediterranean Route almost tripled from the previous year. This essay aims to provide an analysis of the Italian irregular migration management in a year haunted by the pandemic. In the first place,it reveals that Italy has been exposed to a number of serious problems brought about by the unexpected increase of illegal landings,especially difficulties in migrant reception,security problems and environment concerns. Secondly,it is indicated that the Mini-surge of irregular arrivals should be attributed generally to the complicated and changing situations in the two main countries of embarkation,i.e.,the economic deterioration and heightened unemployment rate in Tunisia,and on the other hand,the political instability,armed conflicts and absence of a unified leadership in Libya. As observed in the Third Section,countermeasures conducted by Conte II Government have produced different outcomes. Porti Non Sicuri Decree has created misunderstandings between Italy and its North African partners,weakening their mutual political trust. Thanks to mutual-benefiting cooperation with countries of embarkation,migration control has been significantly reinforced. On-board Quarantines have contributed to migrant resettlement and aroused problems concerning healthcare,human rights and financial burdens as well. Last but not least,the paper concludes that irregular migration on the Central Mediterranean Route is still controllable and will remain under control in 2021 under the new cabinet headed by Draghi,in spite of multiple challenges.

作者简介
臧宇:臧宇,博士,中国人类学民族学研究会国际移民研究专业委员会理事,广东外语外贸大学西方语言文化学院副教授、国际移民中心研究员,主要研究领域为地中海移民治理、当代中意关系。
秦珂:秦珂,广东外语外贸大学西方语言文化学院欧洲语言文学专业硕士研究生。