The development of Arctic exploitation and utilization activities，combined with the impact of climate change，makes the Arctic ecological and environmental protection face a complicated situation. Russia’s Norilsk diesel oil spill is a manifestation of the potential conflicts between the exploration and development of resources and infrastructure construction in the Arctic region and the Arctic ecological environment protection in the context of climate change. The accident originated from the inadequate supervision and maintenance of the infrastructure related to the development of mineral resources in Russian Arctic Region，which caused very serious environmental pollution in Arctic region. It promoted Russia to formulate relevant special legislation to regulate the prevention and emergency response of oil spill accidents，as well as emphasizing on balancing economic development and environmental protection in relevant national strategies. When investing in relevant resource and energy projects and infrastructure construction in Russian Arctic Region，China should pay attention to the potential environmental pollution hazards，and strengthen the management and control of China’s ship emissions and dumping through the Arctic shipping routes，and promote international cooperation on the protection of the Arctic environment.