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德国外交政策述评

文章摘要

2020年,新冠肺炎疫情给德国的外交政策带来“混乱”。很多日程被迫延期,其中包括德中政府磋商和欧中“全家福峰会”。在德国担任欧盟轮值主席国期间,联邦总理默克尔取得了显著成绩:欧盟第一次共同举债以推出一揽子援助计划,与中国完成全面投资协定的谈判,与英国就其脱欧后同欧盟的关系达成一致。德法两国为达成新冠援助计划紧密合作,与此相对的是美国对于欧洲安全的作用在下降。拜登赢得了美国总统选举,这让德国及欧盟共同期盼与美国建立更紧密的关系。然而,德欧双方都必须注意在与美国合作的时候维护好自身利益。在对俄政策上,德国继续兼顾波兰的安全关切以及马克龙对俄缓和的姿态。德国在对华政策上,努力将其巨大的经济利益与不同的政治观点区分开来。有关德国是否需要推行更加积极有为的外交政策的辩论仍在继续。尽管政治精英们普遍致力于更积极和具前瞻性、更具远景的外交政策,但更多的德国人仍旧主张克制而不是干预。

Abstract

The 2020 pandemic had repercussions also for Germany’s foreign policy. Among the international conferences that were postponed were the German-Chinese intergovernmental consultations and the EU-China “full summit”. Chancellor Merkel achieved remarkable successes during the German EU presidency:A stimulus package financed by joint EU debt,a comprehensive investment agreement with China and an understanding with the United Kingdom on its relationship with the EU after Brexit. While Berlin and Paris cooperated closely on the stimulus package,they disagreed on the significance of the USA for European security. Biden’s win of the presidential elections led to renewed hope in Berlin and Brussels for a better relationship with the USA;in this cooperation both must however take care not to lose sight of their own interests. Berlin’s position vis-à-vis Moscow continued to be halfway between the security concerns of Poland and Macron’s outstretched hand. Its China policy took pains to isolate the considerable German economic interests from political disagreements. The debate on the need for a more active German foreign policy continued;the political elites generally favored a more proactive and visionary policy,but more Germans continued to advocate restraint over involvement.

作者简介
〔德〕芮悟峰:〔德〕芮悟峰(Wolfgang Röhr),法学博士,同济大学德国研究中心特聘教授,德国驻沪前总领事,主要研究领域为德国外交、中德关系、中欧关系。
吴永德: