排污权有偿使用和交易制度是我国环境资源领域一项重大的、基础性的机制创新和制度改革，也是我国生态文明制度建设的重要内容。经过20多年的实践，我国在排放权交易中积累了实践经验并取得了一定的成效。长三角地区是较早进行排污权交易试点的地区，其中，浙江省和江苏省已形成了较为完善的制度框架，并对配额总量设定、覆盖范围确定、初始排污权的核定、分配、定价、排污权交易、监督管理等方面进行了具体的制度设计。本文对长三角地区现有的排污权有偿使用和交易的制度框架、具体制度设计进行总结与评价，并在此基础上分析其面临的问题，这些问题主要包括缺乏法律保障、总量设定不合理、初始排放权的核定与定价缺乏技术规范、二级市场发育不成熟、实际排放量难以核查、超额排污处罚模糊等。考虑到以行政区划为界限的排污权交易制度会导致跨行政区域的资源难以有效配置、排污权交易市场不活跃等问题，而且，主要水污染物和大气污染物会通过河流、空气等途径向其他地区转移，因而从长三角区域一体化发展的角度来看，有必要建立跨区域排污权交易市场。本文提出，可以从以下几个方面来完善制度设计：第一，确立排污权交易的法律地位；第二，建立主要污染物排放的基础数据统计体系；第三，制定初始排污权的核定与定价的技术规范；第四，增强市场流动性；第五，建立第三方核查机构，提高监测监管能力；第六，设置合理的超额排放处罚标准。
The payment of emission rights and emission trading system is vital to the mechanism innovation and institutional reform in China’s environmental and resource field，and it is also important for the construction of ecological civilization institution in China. Under more than twenty years’ practices，China has accumulated experience in emission trading and obtained achievements. The Yangtze River Delta is one of the earliest pilot regions to implement the emission trading system，of which Zhejiang Province and Jiangsu Province has formed the institutional framework and detailed policy design on setting allowance cap，identifying the scope，verifying and allocating emission rights，pricing and trading emission rights，supervising and managing emission trading system. This paper summarizes and evaluates the existing institutional framework and policy design of the payment of emission rights and emission trading system in the Yangtze River Delta. There are several problems based on the above analysis，including the lack of legal protection，the unreasonable cap setting，the lack of technical manual on verifying and pricing emission rights，Poorly developed secondary market，the difficulty in verifying the actual emission level，the ambiguous punishment and so on. The emission trading system based on the administrative division can result in lots of problems，such as the ineffective allocation of the resources among different administrative divisions，the inactive of emission trading market. Besides，primary pollutants will transfer to other places through the river and air. Thus，from the perspective of the integration development of the Yangtze River Delta，it is necessary to establish trans-regional emission trading market. And policy suggestions are proposed to improve the policy design，including ensuring the legal status of emission trading，building basic data and statistics system of primary pollutants emissions，formulating the technical manual of verifying and pricing emission rights，increasing market liquidity，setting reasonable punishment criteria.
