自2007年厦门PX环境群体性事件以来,类似事件发生的频次在全国范围内有增无减。而每次回应类似事件的措施和事件结局几乎如出一辙。媒体形象地把事件的过程和解决总结为“大闹大解决,小闹小解决,不闹不解决”。政府和商业投资方被迫撤销或搁置项目,向游行公众妥协和让步,来达到暂时缓解社会矛盾的目的。但是这远不是此类冲突事件的最佳解决方案,因为这种冲突解决方式并没有真正消除公众的戒备,获得公众的合作,对类似项目的决策和选点没有多少参考和改进的价值。在环境冲突与协商的国外研究中,由于冲突源于经济利益相关者之间不公平不公正的利益分配,因此环境冲突也被称为“非宪法根本权力性”“经济利益分配性”的冲突,这与国内政研智囊团把环境群体事件界定为人民内部矛盾有一定的可比性。本文以2013年下半年四家环保组织首次介入环境冲突管理的实际案例,通过研究和实际干预昆明安宁中石油1000万吨/年石化项目环评决策中的问题,对大型敏感项目的决策与环境群体事件之间的关系做了初步分析,同时也探讨了民间组织参与环境冲突管理和预防工作的重要角色和作用。
The mass protest lead by white-collar communities against the Ximen Para xylene chemical factory project (PX)in 2007 marks a new watershed of environmental civil protest movement in China.However,a sharp rising curve of such crisis events nation-wide after seven years is still crying for sustainable solutions.The governmental predominate abatement measures vividly captured by medias as “the more aggressive the protests by the to-be-affected communities,the larger the compromises by the local government and business owner”.In other words,local government and investors typically would follow the same strategy to either cancel or postpone indefinitely the concerned project.But this reactive strategy hardly has resolved the issues of confidence and collaboration from the pubic and there is little lessons learned in new decision making of similar project.The conflicts management studies categorize the nature of environment conflicts as non-constitutional or distributional in financial gains and losses.This is somewhat comparable to the Chinese think-tanks’ characterization of environmental mass protests as internal conflicts of the people,therefore it implies that the mass protests of environmental conflicts are typically not motived by anti-government political ideologies,rather it should be only be approached by laws of economic arrangement.This article documents and analyses NGOs’ first experience intervening the environmental mass protests against petro-chemical projects in China.In the second half of 2013 for the first time,the coalition of the four Chinese NGOs and core volunteer citizens through research,reviews and retrospective interventions in the decision making and public hearing of the environmental impact assessment of the An Ning 10 million tons/year of Petrochemical Refinery Project in the suburban county,west of Kunming Municipality,aim at making valuable contribution to the sustainable solutions to the environmental mass protests and crises,meanwhile,making an action-based assertion about the indispensible roles and function of civil society organizations in addressing and prevention of the environmental conflicts and crises in China.
Keywords: | Management of Environmental ConflictsEnvironmental Mass ProtestsEnvironmental NGO’s Role and ParticipationThe Anning Oil Refinery Project of the CNPC |